Federated organizations can have thousands of applications that were all developed independently.  This has resulted in a growing technical debt for the following reasons:
 

• Significant amount of duplicate functionality have been coded in each application.  All this code needs to be maintained.

• Systems are developed using different technologies which required specialized teams.  This increases maintenance costs.

• Improvements made in one system cannot easily be shared with others.

• Systems are tightly coupled with the underlying technology which causes them to be rewritten when technology changes.  This is expensive and reduces the useful life of the application.